Properties
of Common Spring Materials:
|
|
High-Carbon Spring Wire
|
|
Material
|
Music
Wire
ASTM A 228
|
Hard
Drawn
ASTM A 277
|
High
Tensile
Hard Drawn
ASTM A 679
|
Oil
Tempered
ASTM A 229
|
Carbon
Valve
ASTM A 230
|
|
Nominal
Analysis
|
C
-- .70 - 1.00%
Mn -- .20 - 60%
|
C
-- .45 - .85%
Mn -- .60 - 1.30%
|
C
-- .65 - 1.00%
Mn -- .20 - 1.30%
|
C
-- .55 - .85%
Mn -- .60 - 1.20%
|
C
-- .60 - .75%
Mn -- .60 - .90%
|
|
Minimum
Tensile Strength
|
230-399
|
CLI
147-283
CLII 171-324
|
238-350
|
CLI
165-293
CLII 191-324
|
215-240
|
|
Modulus
of Elasticity E
psi x 103
|
30
|
30
|
30
|
30
|
30
|
|
Design
Stress % Minimum
Tensile
|
45
|
40
|
45
|
45
|
45
|
|
Modulus
in Torsion
G psi x 106
|
11.5
|
11.5
|
11.5
|
11.5
|
11.5
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °F
|
250
|
250
|
250
|
250
|
250
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °C
|
121
|
121
|
121
|
121
|
121
|
|
Rockwell
Hardness
|
C41-60
|
C31-52
|
C41-60
|
C42-55
|
C45-49
|
|
Method
of Manufacture
Chief Uses
Special Properties
|
Cold
drawn. High and uniform tensile. High quality springs and wire
forms.
|
Cold
drawn. Average stress applications. Lower cost springs and wire
forms.
|
Cold
drawn. Higher quality springs and wire forms.
|
Cold
drawn and heat treated before fabrication, General purpose spring
wire.
|
Cold
drawn and heat treated before fabrication. Suitable for cyclic
applications.
|
|
General.
High-carbon spring steels are the most commonly used of all
springs materials. Try to use these materials in preference to
others because that are least expensive, readily available, easily
worked, and most popular. These materials are not satisfactory for
high or low temperatures or for shock or impact loading.
|
|
Alloy Steel Wire
|
Stainless Steel Wire
|
|
Material
|
Chrome
Vanadium
ASTM A 231
|
Chrome
Silicon
ASTM A 401
|
AISI
302/304
ASTM A 313
|
AISI
316
ASTM A 313
|
17-7
PH
ASTM A 313 (631)
|
|
Nominal
Analysis
|
C
-- .48 - .53%
Cr -- .80 - 1.10%
V -- .15 min%
|
C
-- .51 - .59%
Cr -- .60 - .80%
Si -- 1.20 - 1.60%
|
Cr
-- 17.0 - 19.0%
Ni -- 8.0 - 10.0%
|
Cr
-- 16.0 - 18.0%
Ni -- 10.0 - 14.0%
Mo -- 2.0 - 3.0%
|
Cr
-- 16.0 - 18.0%
Ni -- 6.5 - 7.5%
Al -- .75 - 1.5%
|
|
Minimum
Tensile Strength
|
190-300
|
235-300
|
125-325
|
110-245
|
Cond
CH
235-335
|
|
Modulus
of Elasticity E
psi x 103
|
30
|
30
|
28
|
28
|
29.5
|
|
Design
Stress % Minimum
Tensile
|
45
|
45
|
30-40
|
40
|
45
|
|
Modulus
in Torsion
G psi x 106
|
11.5
|
11.5
|
10
|
10
|
11
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °:F
|
425
|
475
|
550
|
550
|
650
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °C
|
218.5
|
246
|
288
|
288
|
343
|
|
Rockwell
Hardness
|
C41-55
|
C48-55
|
C35-45
|
C35-45
|
C38-57
|
|
Method
of Manufacture
Chief Uses
Special Properties
|
Cold
drawn and heat treated before fabrication. Used for shock loads
and moderately elevated temperature.
|
Cold
drawn and heat treated before fabrication. Used for shock loads
and moderately elevated temperature.
|
Cold
drawn, general purpose, corrosion and heat resistant. Magnetic in
spring temper.
|
Cold
drawn. Heat resistant and better corrosion resistance than 302.
Magnetic in spring temper.
|
Cold
drawn & precipitation hardened after fabrication. High
strength and general purpose corrosion resistance. Slightly
magnetic in spring temper.
|
|
General.
The alloy spring steels have a definite place in the field of
spring materials, particularly for conditions involving high
stress and for applications where shock or impact loading occurs.
Alloy spring steels also can withstand higher and lower
temperatures than the high-carbon steels and are obtainable in
either the annealed or pre tempered conditions. Note: These
materials are not regularly stocked in a wide variety of sizes.
|
General.
The use of stainless spring steels has increased considerably in
recent years. Several new compositions are now available to
withstand corrosion. All of these materials can be used for high
temperatures up to 650°F.
|
|
Non-Ferrous Alloy Wire
|
|
Material
|
Phosphor
Bronze
Grade A
ASTM B 159
|
Beryllium
Copper
ASTM B 197
|
Monel
400
AMS 7233
|
Monel
K 500
QQ-N-286
|
|
Nominal
Analysis
|
Cu
-- 94.0% - 96.0%
Sn -- 4.0 - 6.0%
|
Cu
-- 98.0%
Be -- 2.0%
|
Ni
-- 66.0%
Cu -- 31.5%
C/Fe
|
Ni
-- 65.0%
Cu -- 29.5%
C/Fe/A/Ti
|
|
Minimum
Tensile Strength
|
105-145
|
150-230
|
145-180
|
160-200
|
|
Modulus
of Elasticity E
psi x 103
|
15
|
18.5
|
26
|
26
|
|
Design
Stress % Minimum
Tensile
|
40
|
45
|
40
|
40
|
|
Modulus
in Torsion
G psi x 106
|
6.25
|
7.0
|
9.5
|
9.5
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °:F
|
200
|
400
|
450
|
550
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °C
|
93.8
|
204
|
232
|
288
|
|
Rockwell
Hardness
|
B98-104
|
C35-42
|
C23-32
|
C23-35
|
|
Method
of Manufacture
Chief Uses
Special Properties
|
Cold
drawn. Good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.
|
Cold
drawn and may be mill hardened before fabrication. Good corrosion
resistance and electrical conductivity. High physicals.
|
Cold
drawn. Good corrosion resistance at moderately elevated
temperature.
|
Excellent
corrosion resistance at moderately elevated temperature.
|
|
General.
Copper-base alloys are important spring materials because of their
good electrical properties combined with their excellent
resistance to corrosion. Although these materials are more
expensive than the high-carbon and the alloy steels, they
nevertheless are frequently used in electrical components and in
subzero temperatures. All copper-base alloys are drawn to
the American wire gage (same as Brown & Sharpe gage) and are
nonmagnetic.
|
|
High-Temperature
Alloy Wire
|
|
Material
|
A
286 Alloy
|
Inconel
600
QQ-W-390
|
Inconel
718
|
Inconel
X-750
AMS 5698, 5699
|
|
Nominal
Analysis
|
Ni
-- 26.0%
Cr -- 15.0%
Fe -- 53.0%
|
Ni
-- 76.0%
Cr -- 15.8%
Fe -- 7.2%
|
Ni
-- 52.5%
Cr -- 18.6%
Fe -- 18.5%
|
Inconel
X-750
AMS 5698,5699
|
|
Minimum
Tensile Strength
|
160-200
|
170-230
|
210-2500
|
No.IT
155 min.
Spg.T 190-230
|
|
Modulus
of Elasticity E
psi x 103
|
29
|
31
|
29
|
31
|
|
|
Design
Stress % Minimum
Tensile
|
35
|
40
|
40
|
40
|
|
Modulus
in Torsion
G psi x 106
|
10.4
|
11.0
|
11.2
|
12
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °:F
|
950
|
700
|
1100
|
750-1100
|
|
Maximum
Temp. °C
|
510
|
371
|
593
|
399-593
|
|
Rockwell
Hardness
|
C35-42
|
C35-45
|
C45-50
|
C34-39
C42-48
|
SPRING
MATERIALS